Quaid-E-Azam Essay

Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Statesman was hatched inKarachion the 25th Dec, 1876. His antecedent, Jinnah Poonjah, was a big distributer ofKarachi. Though a very sumptuous businessperson, Mr. Poonjah desirable to devote virtuous pedagogy to his son and book him absent from acting. Mr. Mohammad AH Solon received his proto instruction inKarachiandBombay. He passed his Mesmerize Scrutiny in 1891. In his schooltime days he was very painstaking in his studies. He observed the rules of correction. He was also really punctual m attending. All these nibbed to his incoming greatness. For his complete qualities, he was really often cherished by his teachers and fellow-students. His father’s person, Mr. Federick Croft, revealed signs of a enthusiastic man in him. He advised his hypostasis to transfer him toEnglandfor higher studies. Accordingly Mr. Statesman socialist forEnglandin 1892. There he was admitted into theLincoln’sInnand obtained the laurels of Bar-at-Law. Mr Statesman stayed in England for tetrad period. He premeditated the ways of the Humanities people. He was rattling more impressed to maturate that all of them, colourful or bad, admired their motherland. There he came low the influence of a loyal Asian, Dababhoy Nooroj. After having successfully through his teaching, Mr. Jinnah returned to Indiain 1896. At that second his father’s concern was not gushing fountainhead. So to get money for the kinfolk, he started practise inKarachi. But he could not do cured. He left Karachi and went to Bombay to try his hazard there. Here, too, his practice was unsharpened for leash geezerhood. At worst, he conventional the couple as Ordinal Administration Magistrate of Bombay. But he was overconfident that he would do excavation as a lawyer. So he gave up the copulate after any experience minute he was established as a distinguished attorney. His laurels spread far and stretching. In 1905, Mr. Solon came in snuggled communication with Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Mr. Gokhale was then the president of the Amerindic Soul Congress. Shortly he became its most copernican person. He was titled the â€Å"Ambassador of Hindu-M .turn Unity.† But he was disenchanted in 1930. For he then realised that the only objective of the Congress was to give Religion judge inIndia. He, thus, distributed himself from the† Congress. He devoted himself in organising the Muslims. The Muslims were then at their lowest ebb-politically, socially and economically. His,, leadership, kindled a new-imagination among the frustrated Muslims. He created semipolitical cognisance among the Muslims of India. It was due to his management and leaders the Muslims regained their confidence. Each and every Moslem responded to his clarion exact. And they, with one line demanded a asunder Declaration was adoptive. The try for Pakistan is a tale of a uninterrupted essay against a boniface of obstacl es and it was his control and activity which provided for us a bulwork of posture at these tall nowadays. The creation of Pakistan was due to the untiring receive and zeal of Quaid-i-Azam. He won Pakistan by his irrefutable arguments. He is titled the â€Å"Ascendant of the Nation†. For similar a theological, he acquired a land for us. Tho’ in destroyed health, he had to get the prime Governor-Generalship of Pakistan. He died in attach on the 11th Sept, 1948.

A Review of Studio67 Restaurant Business Plan

All businesses need capital to invest. The capital may come from the pockets of the proprietors, or from lending institutions. Most businesses end up borrowing part of the capital in order to start up. The amount of loan depends on the size of the business.Lending institutions base the amount of loan and the interest of loan from the â€Å"feasibility study† of the business. If the projected return of investment has a positive and increasing figure in the next years, then it is likely that the business can get a loan with a lower interest. Thus, it is mandatory that any business submits credible, realistic, and well-researched feasibility studies of the business they are interested for the loan to get approved. (Do's and Don't of Writing a Business Plan).A Review of Studio67 Restaurant Business PlanStudio67 is a â€Å"medium-sized† restaurant in Portland, OR, that focuses mainly on serving ethnic dishes using purely organic ingredients. The business plan is brief and co ncise. The words used, too, are simple enough for any reader to understand.It gave organized parts of describing what the business is all about: the target market, its financial projection for three years, and its strategies. I can't say, however, it is a good business plan. There were a lot of parts lacking. There are questionable parts too. First, how did the business come up with the figures used in the financial projection? The figures must be based on real studies and where are they? The â€Å"Market Research† part then, is lacking. This is the part where studies from similar businesses went through.The SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis should be included too. What I see in the business plan presented were all good things of the business, but it doesn't project the threats ( in example: competitors, labor issues). (Do's and Don't of Writing a Business Plan). One questionable part here is the ownership. The statement â€Å"the restaurant will s tart out as a simple sole proprietorship, owned by its founders,† contradicts itself. (Studio67, 2.1).A sole proprietorship is owned by only â€Å"one person,† so who among the founders will be the name appearing as the sole proprietor? If all the founders own the business, then it should be called partnership. Next, the start up capital mentioned coming from the pockets of the owners is $40,000. (Studio67, 2.2). However, this contradicts 7.0 Financial Plan part of the proposal, where it said it expected to raise â€Å"$30,000.†The break-even analysis 7.1 was bleakly explained, even its chart is not what a break even chart looks like. This part should be omitted if it can't be explained right at all. This analysis should be given after all the other financial statements were presented. If I was the financier, I will reject this proposal due to lacking parts of the study. It didn't show the real market analysis to make it feasible enough.However, if the market res earch was given and the figures are credible, I can approve the $100,000 loan because the return will be realized in 3 years. The projection of sales for the first year, however, is huge, too huge to become credible for an exquisite restaurant like Studio67.I don't believe the figures projected to say it could sustainably develop the business for a long time; however, it can be possible to obtain, if the proposal comes up with better, more specific marketing strategies.ReferencesOrganic Restaurant Business Plan: Studio 67 Restaurant. 1996-2008. Palo Alto Software,Inc.Retrieved June 5, 2008.[http://www.bplans.com/Sample_Business_Plans/Restaurant_Cafe_And_Bakery_Business_Plans/Organic_Restaurant_Business_Plan/Executive_Summary_fc.cfm].Do's and Don’ts of Writing a Business Plan. Arkansas Small Business Development Center.Little Rock, Arkansas: University of Arkansas at Little Rock – College of Business Donald W. Reynolds Center for Business and Economic Development. Retri eved June 5, 2008. [http://asbdc.ualr.edu/business-information/1001-business-plan-writing.asp].  

The Impact of Technology in the Business World Speech or Presentation

The Impact of Technology in the Business World - Speech or Presentation Example Communication This is a fundamental factor in any business setting. Effective communication enhances coordination and planning activities, prior to the goals and objectives of the company (Bhatnagar, 2003). Technology has made communication easier by cutting the time taken to send and receive data and information as well making the communication process cheaper. Two or more businesses can actually work together from different locations. Online services in the context of the activities undertaken by businesses are easily handled in the current time, aided by internet and the World Wide Web. Computer and computer technology has enabled businesses to make diverse planning within a very short time. Planning and related programs have been developed for such purposes. Examples in this case are Gantt charts and schedule formats (Daft, 2008). Data handling technologies have provided functionality to the communication process, allowing for massive data storage and information transmission aro und the world. Customer service The success or failure of a business is determined by the customer base. Businesses may be well established based on capital portfolio and management but lack significant market share to facilitate its operational success. Adequate customer services facilitate market share take-over for businesses. Keeping in touch with customers is an essential business tool. Technology has provided easier means through which this can be achieved. Through online communication like chats and emails, a firm can consistently manage its customers. Timely response to issues raised by customers has been realized through the adoption of relevant technologies. Payments and receipts Business liquidity has improved with technological advancement. Modes of making and receiving payments have become more efficient with the adoption of proper technologies that aid the process. Fund transfer technology has provided a basis for the functionality of this. Funds can be transferred in the whole world in seconds. On the same note, invoices can be placed online without the buyer and the seller meeting. Debts and credits are easily handled without the need for the involved parties to meet physically. Financial institutions have integrated online services in their operations, making it easier to access funds from different locations in the world. Investments, exports and imports are effectively done without the need to travel to the specific locations that the goods and services are ordered from. Even where travelling is required, technology has enabled faster means of transportation. Multinational corporations Presence of a business in more than one location is important in diversifying that business’s portfolio. Multinational corporations are international firms that establish their operations in more than one country (Ojukwu, 2003). These firms have found a strong base of operation on technology. Activities between the affiliate firms and the parent firm ha ve been aided by technology. Use of websites has also provide a fundamental tool through which firms create awareness to the entire world about the products and services they offer as well as the prices they charge for their differentiated products.

Air Pollution in Ontario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Air Pollution in Ontario - Essay Example There has a problem of urban sprawling that has become a cause of major pollution in the capital. (Marianne, 2000) Air pollution has been one of the major problems that have been affecting the city of Ontario for along time now. It has been a subject of study and research but there have been little that has been done in order to mitigate the situation. Air pollution in Ontario has been contributed by the rising urban sprawl in the area. Thus has come with a lot of problem with multiple effects on the health and general life of the people in the area. Urban sprawling has seen the gobbling up green space in the southern part of Ontario. This has been happening at an alarming rate which has come with a lot of environmental impacts in the area. According to the Neptis Foundation which has been monitoring the issue, there are addition 260,000 acres of rural land that is expected to the urbanized by 2030. This shows that it will be double the rate of the current size of the city of Toronto. This has been compounded by the fact that about 92% of the land in Ontario is best for farmland. Urban sprawling in the areas has lead to a lot of effects. It has led to destruction of green space and farmlands which has affected the rate of food production in the area. There has been an effect of river pollution and pollution of other water ways and streams. The population has been forced to be over dependent on vehicles which has been having a lot of air pollution with the consequential problem of climate change. (Ontario Greenbelt alliance, 2008) It has been shown that the Golden Horseshoe area on Ontario has been growing with more than 115,000 people coming in the area every year. In the coming 15 years, it is estimated that it will be the third largest urban region in the North America behind New York and Los Angles. This has been coming with a lot of problems and strains for the population living in the city. The Toronto area has also approved the development for 128,000 acres of land since 1989 which has been at a rate of 9,100 acres every year. The Toronto region conservation authority has shown that increased loss of biodiversity is having an effect on the natural resource. For example of the 180 animal species that are found in greater Toronto, 110 have been classified as having a risk of extinction due to encroachment of their land. These are some of the problem that has led to the compounding problem of urban sprawling in the area. In this regard there have been many problems that have come with the increase in population and the consequent reclaiming of arable land for the purpose of settling the population. In comparison to other cities around the city of Toronto has been adversely affected by the problem of increasing population since the local authority had to deal with the problem of increasing access of basic services to the population. There are several problems that have come as a result of increase in the population of the province in general. (Bates, 1997) Challenges of urban sprawling in Ontario There have been several effects that have resulted from urban sprawling in Ontario. These have resulted from the increasing population pressure and decreasing land resources and amenities to accommodate the population. In specific there has been

Capital budgeting practices in different countriesindustrial Essay

Capital budgeting practices in different countriesindustrial corporations - Essay Example In today’s world of complex business process, corporate capital budgeting is one of the most important and critical decisions faced by the financial managers. In businesses individuals invests large sums of money which generate cash flow benefit over a period of more than one year. This is the crux of capital expenditures. The goods on which capital expenditures are made include purchasing of new equipments, acquiring of new technologies and that of launching research and development programs and so on. Along with these capital expenditures, a huge volume of cash outlays are involved with significant implications on the future values of the company. Analysis of capital expenditures is a crucial dimension in the business sphere. In this respect concept of capital budgeting (CB) can be introduced. In simple terms it is a business practice utilized for planning the acquisition of long term investments. The prime factor included in capital budgeting is that the organization or the company which builds and starts to use in one year will be highly useful in the future years (Finkler, 244). The importance of capital budgeting is immense as it includes decisions for the future profitability of the companies. Now this technique varies across geographical borders and difference exists in a stark manner within the corporations of developed and developing countries. Developed countries like United States of America exercise thorough scientific analysis associated with the capital budgeting techniques. ... While in the developing countries, the corporations practice formal processes and some also do not follow proper scientific methods for evaluation resulting from the lack of familiarity with such scientific methods (Blum, 1). The underlying mechanism of this paper is based on highlighting the capital budgeting practices in different countries industrial corporations. Decision making is the most crucial process within business operations. Effective decision making evolves from properly analyzing and evaluating the alternatives that are available and then selecting the most feasible as well valuable decision from the available options. The process of capital budgeting assesses the business operations of the companies through quantitative evaluation techniques. Through these techniques, capital budgeting method involves the forecasting of the performances of the future decisions associated with long term investments within the corporations. Capital budgeting techniques utilizes data fro m the financial and operating reports of the firms for predicting the performance of the investment in the corporate and their also their strategic options. In majority of the businesses CB process follows a synchronized application process which involves some fundamental evaluation techniques. The first step of CB is to collect investment ideas followed by a analysis of costs and benefits associated with the proposed investments. Then the subsequent step involves ranking attachments to each of the proposed investments followed by implementation of the selected investment and also simultaneous evaluation of the investments which are implemented. There are certain valuation techniques

Managing Organisational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Organisational Change - Essay Example So the above stated lines are indicating one more interesting technique to reach Organisational goals, that is changing the people's attitude, their way of working, and behaviour towards work so that Organisation can reach its objectives through change which is probably the only way for it to reach its goals as modernisation automatically changes the surroundings, behaviours of buyers, the variety of competition and so on. Globalisation is a recent word suggesting that there is a new cohesion in markets worldwide, which may imply that it is likely that change cannot be resisted or that the traditional local markets cannot be sheltered from the impact of such general change. Such claims might seem to have a surface validity. However, it is difficult to identify exactly how this interplay of forces is materially different from influences that have reinforced change in the past. An in-depth analysis of the change management, as in terms what is causing the change, would be conducted foc using on the Brazilian based manufacturing firm, Semco. External Change Drivers The business does not get changed itself, nor does it require it self to change without any need as the profitability (growth) or survival is the core objective of any business, but when it comes to change, only external factors make an organisation or business change primarily, afterwards the firm changes itself may be in internal manners. The External change drivers that can be seen commonly in this modern world or from the time the changes took place include Mega Environment1, it further includes Technological Element, in which the modern technology that is used outside the firm, perhaps around the world and by the competitors, tends to change the Organisation, the failure to use such technology can result in loss of values, customers, and most importantly long-term profits. Semco acquired new plants, came up with innovation in their manufacturing techniques through R&D and so it reduced the rejection rate, it further downsized the company by eliminating 23% of employees through attrition and incentive programs, the company had to do all this otherwise it would not have been able to cope with the external changes. The next external change is brought by Economic Element, of course the change in the country's wealth distribution, it's financial debt and the inflation can create unbalance in an Organisation or any busin ess, such as the decrease in the price of a certain commodity or product can have some negative impact on the firms profitability, specially if the country in which the Organisation is operated is a socialist economy in which the government owns a lot than the individuals, the importance of economic element is obvious from the fact that in1980 when Semco was seeking help from various banks and foreign companies, many of the institutions refused it because of the economic status of Brazil and further the Semco's poor

Personal Branding and Social Media Literature review

Personal Branding and Social Media - Literature review Example ‘A personal brand is a perception in the minds of others’ which the brand owner creates and controls, and sends the message that nobody else exists in the marketplace who is quite like you (Vitberg, 2009, p. 10). While the brand is a perception, however, this does not mean that the perception is a contrived or false one (Banet-Weiser, 2012). Every person has his or her good and bad qualities; like any brand for a good or service, the personal brand highlights the best attributes of a person (Reddick, 2012a & 2012b) which must be grounded in truth (Canada, 2012; Madden & Smith, 2010; Millman, 2010). Necessity of personal branding Like Arruda, Rampersad (2008) does not see personal branding as an alternative, but as a vital asset in today’s ‘online, virtual and individual age’ (p. 34). He observed that the common misconception is that popular and successful people like Tiger Woods and Oprah Winfrey are those who can lay claim to having a personal brand. In truth, everyone has a personal brand, but because they are not aware of it, they are unable to use their personal brands strategically (Shepherd, 2005). Rampersad proposes the personal branding model which is shown below: Authentic personal branding model (Rampersad, 2008, p. 35) Rampersad’s model, though it may appear complicated, is built on what he describes as a four-step evolutionary and organic process: (1) Define and formulate your personal ambition; (2) Define and formulate your personal brand on the basis of your personal SWOT; (3) Formulate your personal balanced scorecard, which is the action plan into which your personal ambition and personal brand are translated; and (4) Implement and cultivate your personal ambition, personal brand, and personal balance scorecard (Rampersad, 2008). A personal brand is of little use, however, unless it is communicated to the target market (Martin, 2009). Jerry Wilson, senior vice-president of the Coca-Cola Company and preside nt of the Global McDonald’s Division, concurs that personal branding is crucial, and proposes that if one finds himself stuck in a certain job or position, that he/she should try to rebrand or reinvent himself (Jacques, 2009). This does not mean that people should make themselves into somebody else (Chase, 2011), but they may change their image and how people perceive them by highlighting those qualities they possess which have not been given much attention to (Colmerauer, 2012). This may be achieved by doing a brand audit, an assessment of where one is and what one has to offer. Wilson calls these attributes ‘transferable equities’ (Jacques, 2009, p 32) that a person may put forward to redefine him/herself. Personal branding and authenticity The key to success is having ‘an organic, holistic, and authentic personal branding model’ (Rampersad, 2008, p. 35). Arruda also perceives people as having the wrong view that personal branding is made up and ar tificial (Martin, 2009), and stresses that it must be honest and authentic. Morton (2012) likewise emphasizes the importance of authenticity, observing that a personal brand grows over time. This is significant, because if a personal brand is not solidly rooted in authenticity, then the

Coming to the land of oppurnity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coming to the land of oppurnity - Essay Example The philosophy also aimed at facilitating a vibrant and better state. In this context, an individuals ability and determination limits his or her capacity to become successful in life. This essay focuses on discussing why most immigrants come to America. In America, they tend to live the foreign dream and accept their way of life. The reports provided by CNN (2014) indicate that America has experienced diversity in the immigrant population. In 1960s, European immigrants dominated the statistics. At the time of the report, most of them came from Asia, China, India and North America. The striking feature of such immigrants is that most of them seek to gain permanent residence in the country. The report by the CNN also reveals that the state granted 990,553 immigrants permanent residence. Specifically, the report indicates that an Asia and North America were represented at 40% and 32% of the total immigrant population respectively. Mexico, China, and India, were also represented at higher percentages compared to other countries. In 2012, America’s homeland security projected that 11.4 million illegal immigrants also resided in the country (CNN, 2014). These trends show that America is one of the places where most people would wish to stay. The high rate of immigration into the country can be attributed to the promise held by American dream. It entails living a happy and prosperous life in the country. Such promises are daring and enticing beyond what immigrants experienced in their countries of origin (Murphy, 2010). The ideology has influenced how people behave in America. The central principle of the doctrine is that every person can work hard to become successful in life regardless of their social, racial or tribal backgrounds. In most cases, an individual’s material possession portrays the effect of the ideology on the behavior of American citizens. Another basis of measurements includes home ownership

Apology by Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apology by Plato - Essay Example Socrates on page three denies practicing this type of philosophy, although he does not want to disrespect its practitioners. 2) â€Å"Socrates makes the worse argument into the stronger argument† (Apology,2). Socrates maintains that men of position who are examined by â€Å"young men of the richer classes† (6) who have learned his methods are humiliated. Their response is to slander Socrates: â€Å"Those who are examined by them [the young men] instead of being angry with themselves are angry with me. This confounded Socrates!†¦--and then if somebody asks them, why, what evil does he practice or teach? They do not know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (6). In order to save face, these men accuse Socrates of sophistry.(6). 3) Socrates is guilty of corrupting the young. I will summarize Socrates’ examination of Meletus concerning this accusation: The laws improve the youth. All of the judges know the laws. Therefore, all the judges improve the youth. All Athenians improve the youth, according to Meletus. Socrates is an Athenian. But, according to Meletus, Socrates alone is their corrupter. This is an invalid argument. If all Athenians improve the youth, and Socrates is an Athenian, then he should also improve the youth. I understand the second argument as follows: It is better to live among good citizens, because they do good. Everyone wants to be treated well. Socrates corrupts the youth intentionally, turning them bad. Bad people do evil. Therefore, Socrates wants to be treated badly. (Apology,7-9). â€Å"But either I do not corrupt them† says Socrates,† or I corrupt them unintentionally†¦If my offence is unintentional, the law has no cognizance of unintentional offenses† (Apology, 9). 4) Socrates does not believe in the gods of the city. Socrates out-argues Meletus on this accusation: M: â€Å"you are a complete atheist† S: â€Å"Do you mean that I do not believe in the godhead of the sun or moon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  M: â€Å"I assure you, judges, that he does not believe in them; for he says that the sun is stone and the moon earth† S: â€Å"you have but a bad opinion of the judges, if you fancy them ignorant to such a degree as not to know that those doctrines are found in the books of Anaxogoras† (Apology,9). The argument continues: S: â€Å"can a man believe in spiritual and divine agencies, and not in spirits or demigods?† M: â€Å"He cannot† S: â€Å"You swear in the indictment that I teach and believe in divine or spiritual agencies†¦but if I believe in divine beings, I must believe in spirits or demigods;--is that not true?† M: â€Å"Yes, that is true† (Apology,10). On the first charge, that of Socrates practicing natural philosophy, I would find not guilty. Socrates is falsely characterized in Aristophanes’ play. He is falsely accused by Meletus of believing that the sun is stone, etc. Meletus did not bother to get his facts straight. The natural philosophers at that time were trying to explain phenomena in terms of quantities that could be studied, i.e.: Anaximenes’ theory that â€Å"all things were made of air through expansion and condensation† (http://www.academic.mu/phil/jonesj/). This type of early scientific inquiry was seen by those in power as a threat to the theocracy. The belief that the gods ruled the earth, and that the politicians could trace their lineage to the gods was a stabilizing force in society. Socrates maintains that God and the gods are wise, and that his actions are dictated by his belief in them. On the second charge, that Socrates makes the worse argument into the stronger argument, I would find not guilty. Socrates does not practice sophistry, which is a form of argument used for persuasion. The Sophists used this form of

Training Programs for an Age and Culturally Diverse Workforce Essay Example for Free

Training Programs for an Age and Culturally Diverse Workforce Essay The launch of the Age Discrimination Act in October 2006 signifies that every institution will have to do something for it to keep abreast by producing age-inclusive working practices. Reality tells us that the workforce is shifting. At one pole people are living longer at the same time that the other end of the continuum diminishing birthrates are making a diminishing source of younger workforce. When merged with the legislation intended to embark upon ageism, this indicates that employers cope with key challenges necessitating a deep cultural change. All areas of personnel practice including recruitment, motivation, performance management, succession and retirement will have to be reviewed. The changing workforce Most of the anticipated increase in the US labor force between 2000 and 2050 will be made up of workers aged 55 and over. Employees aged 55 and over will comprise a larger share of the US labor force (12. 9% in 2000; 18. 8% in 2050) (Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) survey). A lot of employers recognize that excellent employee training is vital for an organizations success. A broad ranging assortment of training platforms and vehicles are used by employers. Training themes may comprise extensive proficiency such as literacy, technological skills, direction about the organization, and curriculums intended to avoid legal concerns, such as sexual harassment education and ethics preparation. These training programs moreover must not show prejudice, and time used up in training may be compensable. Federal law necessitates training in numerous health and safety allied matters. Workers training used to be thought of as a non-compulsory aid, an extra that only the most advanced employers offered to the most gifted employees. Even now, as the market rotates downward, worker training is frequently the first to go, considered not as an investment but as expenditure to be disposed of in hard times. But these days employers increasingly recognize and appreciate that, far from being an add-on, high-quality employee training is essential to an organization’s success and that a smart, excellent workforce is fundamental to worker output and welfare. In actual fact, more than 70 percent of employers make available some sort of job training for their employees, based on a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) survey. The survey also found that employers with high employee turnover train less and spend less on training than other businesses. While it is unclear which comes first, the probable inference is that training is linked to long-term employment and is an important factor in successful performance, productivity, and morale. However, in the training industry, it is pertinent that specific needs are addressed. This paper attempts to show in what ways training programs meet a cultural and generational workforce. Facts and Figures Several of the labor force we have today are aging and culturally mixed. Point No. 1. The Age of Workforce Matters In this dog-eat-dog world, any industry will deny the fact that to them, age across the broad spectrum representing national employment matters. It matters because today, many of these employees do not even think of retiring if they are past the retirement age (Andrews, 1998). Any institution will then take into consideration who and what age does the company’s workforce composed of?

The High Voltage Electricity Transmission Network Engineering Essay

The High Voltage Electricity Transmission Network Engineering Essay It is well known to many people that high voltage electricity transmission network represents the backbone of the whole regional power supply scheme in the country. The main purpose of this research is analyzing the most frequent common failures in the HV transmission lines and understanding the actual reasons behind these failures in the transmission network of a private electrical company in the Sultanate of Oman named OETC Oman Electricity Transmission Company. The business of that company is providing, developing and governing the Electrical Transmission System in the Sultanate of Oman. The data presented and information provided hereafter shall be considered extremely confidential and hence the assignment information is intended only for the use of this assignment and shall not be distributed to any other party without permission from the original source. In the start, the assignment firstly provides a brief explanation about the company and its role of electricity distribution. Then, it further analyzes different types of equipment failures that are encountered with HV network operation and reported by a local company. It sums up on general findings, results, conclusion and the recommendation regarding future maintenance. Electricity supply Oman Electricity Transmission Company OETC operates, organizes and maintains the majority HV transmission system in which electrical power is transmitted through 220kV and 132kV transmission lines to load centers in Muscat Governorate and the regions of Dakhliyah, Batinah, Dhahirah and Sharqiyah. It dispatches power from all Centrally Dispatched Generation Stations owned by the following companies: (1). 1. Ghubrah Power Desalination Station 2. Rusail Power Station 3. Wadi Jizzi Power Station 4. Manah Power Station 5. Al Kamil Power Station 6. Barka Power Desalination Station 7. Sohar Power Station The power transmitted by the company is delivered to the following distribution companies, which are licensed to distribute and supply power in a range lower than 132kV voltage (i.e. 66kV, 33kV,11kV and 0.415kV): 1. Muscat Electricity Distribution Company (MEDC) for Muscat area 2. Mazoon Electricity Company (MZEC) for South Batinah, Dakhliyah and Sharqiyah regions 3. Majan Electricity Company (MJEC) for North Batinah and Dhahirah regions Fundamentals of Power Generation and Transmission After the electricity leaves a power generation (1), the voltage is increased at a step-up grid substation (2). Subsequently, the energy travels along a transmission line to the area where the power is needed (3). Once there, the voltage is decreased, or stepped-down, at another primary substation (4), and a distribution power line (5) carries the electricity until it reaches a home or business (8). (1) Fig -1 Electrical Power System (1) Overhead Lines The main components of the HV high voltage power transmission are; the overhead towers, conductors, insulators, lightning arrestors, CVT CT and cable sealing ends. It has been well recognized since the starting of electric power generation that overhead transmission lines (OHL) have represented the most important component for the electric power transmission and distribution. The over head transmission line generally dedicated for high voltage range, while the buried type (underground cables) are commonly used in lower voltage range for the distribution purpose. However, in Oman, both systems are used in various applications depending on the cost, development conditions and topography constraints. OETC has planned, designed and erected overhead power lines for various voltage levels in many parts of the sultanate of Oman. Line voltage Selection According to IEC 60038 there are standard voltage ranges used for the electric power transmission and distribution. The following are the main voltage levels For 3-phase AC power supply: -Low voltage range from 220v up to 1 kV AC Medium voltage range from 1 kV to 36 kV AC High voltage range from 52 kV to 765 kV AC) and higher Generally the Low-voltage transmission and distribution networks serve households and other small business consumers. Networks on the medium-voltage level usually supply larger buildings and settlements, industrial plants and other large consumers; the power supply capacity is typically less than 10 MVA per circuit. The high voltage ranges up to 145 kV are usually used for sub-transmission of the electric power regionally, and also feed the medium-voltage electric network. This level is frequently selected to support the medium-voltage level even when electric power is lower than 10 MVA. Moreover, some of high-voltage transmission lines are also used to transmit the electric power from medium size power plants, like hydro power plants on water streams, channel or rivers, and provide electric power for large-scale units, such as considerable power plants or steel factories. The bandwidth of electrical transported power corresponds to the broad range of utilization, but it rarely exceeds 100 MVA per circuit, while the surge impedance load is 35 MVA (approximately). In most European countries, the high voltage lines of 245 kV were greatly used in interconnection of power supply systems and this before the 420 kV level was brought to this purpose. Nowadays, the usage of 245 kV lines is decreased to some extent due to the availability of the 420 kV transmission network. The 420 kV level represents the highest operation voltage used for AC transmission in Central Europe. It typically interconnects the power supply systems and transmits the energy over long distances. Some 420 kV lines connect the national grids of the individual European countries enabling interconnected network operation (UCTE = Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity) throughout Europe. Large power plants such as nuclear stations feed directly into the 420 kV network. The thermal capacity of the 420 kV circuits may reach 2,000 MVA, with a surge impedance load of approximately 600 MVA and a transmission capacity up to 1,200 MVA.[SIEMENS Power Engineering Guide 2 009]11 Selection of conductors and earth wires Electric conductors are the main important part in the overhead power line network and they must be selected carefully for the electric transmission lines because this will ensure economical and reliable transmission and contribute directly to the total line costs. Therefore, to achieve better economic solution, aluminum and its alloys have been used as conducting materials for power lines due to the favorable price, the low weight and the necessity of certain minimum cross-sections. On the other side, aluminum is a very corrosive metal. But when a dense oxide layer is formed it can stop further corrosion. Therefore, up to a certain level, aluminum conductors are well-suited for areas in which corrosion is an issue, such as humid climate in areas located near coastal zone. Generally, there are a number of different designs in use for aluminum conductors. As an advantage, All-aluminum conductors (AAC) have the highest conductivity for a given cross-section; however, they possess relat ively low mechanical strength, which limits their installation to short spans and low tensile forces. To increase the mechanical strength, aluminum wires are made of mixing with other alloys like aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloys. In this way, the strength can be increased approximately twice that of pure aluminum. But practically, all-aluminum and aluminum alloy conductors have exhibited some susceptibility to vibrations. To solve this problem, compound conductors with a steel core, so-called aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), can avoid this disadvantage. The ratio between aluminum and steel ranges from 4.3:1 to 11:1. An aluminum-to-steel ratio of 6.0 or 7.7 provides an economical solution. Conductors with a ratio of 4.3 should be used for lines installed in regions with heavy wind and ice loads. Conductors with a ratio higher than 7.7 provide higher conductivity. But because of lower conductor strength, the sags are bigger, which requires higher towers. Experience has shown that ACSR conductors, just like aluminum and aluminum alloy conductors, provide the most economical solution and offer a life span greater than 40 years. Conductors are selected according to electrical, thermal, mechanical and economic aspects. The electric resistance as a result of the conducting material and its cross-section is the most important feature affecting the voltage drop and the energy losses along the line and, therefore, the transmission costs. The cross-section has to be selected so that the permissible temperatures will not be exceeded during normal operation as well as under short-circuit condition. With increasing cross-section, the line costs increase, while the costs for losses decrease. Depending on the length of the line and the power to be transmitted, a cross-section can be determined that results in the lowest transmission costs. The heat balance of ohmic losses and solar radiation against convection and radiation determines the conductor temperature. A current density of 0.5 to 1.0 A/mm2 based on the aluminum cross-section has proven to be an economical solution in most cases. [SIEMENS Power Engineering Guide 2009] (9) The table below shows the characteristics of AC overhead lines (data refer to a one circuit of a double-circuit line) Table -1 characteristic of AC overhead lines (9) High-voltage results in correspondingly high-voltage gradients at the conductors surface, and in corona-related effects such as visible discharges, radio interference, audible noise and energy losses. When selecting the conductors, the AC voltage gradient has to be limited to values between 15 and 17 kV/cm. Since the sound of the audible noise of DC lines is mainly caused at the positive pole and this sound differs from those of AC lines, the subjective feeling differs as well. Therefore, the maximum surface voltage gradient of DC lines is higher than the gradient for AC lines. A maximum value of 25 kV/cm is recommended. The line voltage and the conductor diameter are one of the main factors that infl uence the surface voltage gradient. In order to keep this gradient below the limit value, the conductor can be divided into subconductors. This results in an equivalent conductor diameter that is bigger than the diameter of a single conductor with the same cross-section. This aspect is important for lines with voltages of 245 kV and above. Therefore, so-called bundle conductors are mainly adopted for extra-high-voltage lines. Table 2.5-2 shows typical conductor configurations for AC lines. From a mechanical point of view, the conductors have to be designed for everyday conditions and for maximum loa ds exerted on the conductor by wind and ice. As a rough figure, an everyday stress of approximately 20 % of the conductor rated tensile stress can be adopted, resulting in a limited risk of conductor damage. The maximum working tensile stress should be limited to approximately 40 % of the rated tensile stress. Earth wires, also called shield wire or earth wire, can protect a line against direct lightning strikes and improve system behavior in the event of short-circuits; therefore, lines with single-phase voltages of 110 kV and above are usually equipped with earth wires. Earth wires made of ACSR conductors with a sufficiently high aluminum cross-section satisfy both requirements. Since the beginning of the 1990s, more and more earth wires for extra-high-voltage overhead power lines have been executed as optical earth wires (OPGW). This type of earth wire combines the functions just described for the typical earth wire with the additional facility for large data transfer capacity vi a optical fi bers that are integrated into the OPGW. Such data transfer is essential for the communication between two converter stations within an HVDC interconnection or for remote controlling of power stations. The OPGW in such a case becomes the major communication link within the interconnection. OPGW are mainly designed in one or more layers of aluminum alloy and/or aluminum-clad steel wires. One-layer designs are used in areas with low keraunic levels (small amount of possible lightning strikes per year) and small short-circuit levels. [SIEMENS Power Engineering Guide 2009](9) Selection of insulators Usually, insulators in the overhead line are subject to electrical and mechanical stresses, because they have to isolate the conductors form potential to earth and must provide physical supports. Therefore, Insulators must be capable of withstanding these stresses under all conditions encountered in a transmission line. Normally, the electrical stresses result from: The steady-state operating power-frequency voltage (highest operation voltage of the system) Temporary over voltages occurred at specific power frequency Switching and lightning over voltages Chapter -2 Introduction Electrical insulators are very critical and important component in the electric power systems such as distribution transmission lines. Previously, the electrical insulators which is made of ceramic and glass materials. But in 1963, a polymeric insulator were developed and its improvements in design and manufacturing in the modern years have made it attractive to utilities. polymeric insulator consists of a fibreglass core rod covered by weather-sheds or skirts of polymer such as silicone rubber, equipped with metal end fittings. It is also called composite insulators, which means made of at least two insulating parts a core and housing equipped with end fittings. Polymeric insulators have many advantages over the ceramic and glass insulators such as good performance in contaminated environment, light weight, easy handling, maintenance free, and considerably low cost etc. Because of these properties it is gaining popularity worldwide and replacing the conventional ceramic and glass insulators in many countries. Therefore, our research shall focus the light on the silicon rubber insulator and the main advantages can be achieved by using such type of electrical insulators. The following is a comparison showing the different factors between ceramic and composite insulators. FACTORS CERAMIC COMPOSITE Resistance to flashovers in Polluted atmosphere. Low High Resistance to puncture Puncturable (Class: B insulators) Not puncturable Resistance to Cracking and Erosion in Polluted atmosphere. Low High Contamination Pollution Highly affected Performance not affected Hydrophobicity Non hydrophobic. Unique Hydrophobicity character. Self cleaning property Due to Glaze and inclination of sheds. Due to Hydrophobicity recovery characteristic. Maintenance Needs maintenance like cleaning, washing, greasing. No maintenance is required Weight More 10% to 35% of Ceramic Insulator Resistance to breakage and Vandalism Breakable in Vandalism prone areas Unbreakable Artificial Pollution Test Mandatory Not applicable Power Arc Test Mandatory Not mandatory Table -1 comparison different factors between ceramic and composite insulators (10). Insulator types There are various insulator designs used in different applications, depending on the requirements and the application with certain insulator types: Cap-and-pin insulators (fig.2) are made of porcelain or pre-stressed glass. The individual units are connected by fittings of malleable cast iron or forged iron. The insulating bodies are not puncture-proof, which is the reason for a relatively high number of insulator failures. In Central Europe, long-rod insulators made from aluminous porcelain (fig.3) are most frequently adopted. These insulators are puncture-proof. Failures under operation are extremely rare. Long-rod insulators show superior behavior, especially in polluted areas. Because porcelain is a brittle material, porcelain long-rod insulators should be protected from bending loads by suitable fittings. Composite insulators are the third major type of insulator for overhead power line applications (fig.4). This insulator type provides superior performance and reliability, particularly because of improvements over the last 20 years, and has been in service for more than 30 years. Fig -2 Cap and pin (disc insulator) (9) Fig -3 Long-rod insulator with clevis cap (9) Fig -4 Glass fibre reinforced composite insulator with ball and socket fittings (Lapp insulator) (9) The composite insulator is made of a glass fiber reinforced epoxy rod. The glass fibers applied are ECR glass fibers that are resistant to brittle fracture (ECR = electrical grade corrosion resistant glass fibers). In order to avoid brittle fracture, the glass fiber rod must additionally be sealed very carefully and durably against moisture. This is done by application of silicone rubber. Nowadays, high temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone is used. The silicone rubber has two functions within this insulator type: Sealing the glass fiber rod Molding into insulator sheds to establish the required insulation Metal fittings are compressed onto the glass fiber rod at both ends of the insulator, either with a ball socket or clevis connection fitting. Since the 1980s, compression fittings have been the prevailing type. The sealing of the area between fitting and silicone housing protecting the rod is most important, and is nowadays done with special silicone elastomer, which offers after vulcanization the characteristic of a sticky solid, similar to a fluid of high viscosity. Advantages of the composite long-rod insulator are: Light weight, less volume and less damages Shorter string length compared to cap-and-pin and porcelain long-rod insulator strings Up to 765 kV AC and 600 kV DC, only one unit of insulator (practical length is only limited by the ability of the production line) is required High mechanical strength Vandalism resistance High performance in polluted areas, based on the hydrophobicity (water repellency) of the silicone rubber Advantages of hydrophobicity are: Silicone rubber offers outstanding hydrophobicity over the long term; most other polymeric housing material will loose this property over time Silicone rubber is able to recover its hydrophobicity after a temporary loss of it The silicone rubber insulator is able to make pollution layers on its surface water-repellent, too (hydrophobicity transfer) Low surface conductivity, even with a polluted surface and very low leakage currents, even under wetted conditions. Insulator string sets Suspension insulator sets carry the conductor weight, including additional loads such as ice and wind, and are arranged more or less vertically. There are I-shaped (fig.5a) and V-shaped sets in use. Tension insulator sets (fig.5b, fig.5c) terminate the conductors and are arranged in the direction of the conductors. They are loaded by the conductor tensile force and have to be rated accordingly. Multiple single, double, triple or more sets handle the mechanical loadings and the design requirements. Fig -5a; I-shaped suspension insulator set for 245 kV (11) T Fig -5b&c; Double tension insulator set for 245 kV (Elevation, Top Plan, bottom) (9) The general electrical layout of insulation is ruled by the voltages to be withstood and the pollution to which the insulation is subjected. The standards IEC 60071-1 and IEC 60071-2 as well as the technical report IEC 60815, which provides four pollution classes, give guidance for the design of the insulation. Because IEC 60815 is applicable to AC lines, it should be noted that the creepage distances recommended are based on the phase-to-phase AC voltage (UL-L). When transferring these creepage distances recommended by IEC 60815 to a DC line, it should be noted that the DC voltage is a pole-to-earth value (UL-E). Therefore, these creepage distances have to be multiplied by the factor à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡3. Furthermore, it should be noted that the AC voltage value refers to a mean value, while the DC voltage is comparable to a peak value, which requires a further multiplication with factor à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡2. Insulators under DC voltage operation are subjected to more unfavorable conditions tha n they are under AC, due to a higher collection of surface contamination caused by the constant unidirectional electric field. Therefore, a DC pollution factor has to be applied. Table shown with figure 5a shows specific creepage distances for different insulator materials under AC and DC application, and is based on industry experience published by power supply companies in South Africa and China. The results shown were confirmed by an experienced insulator manufacturer in Germany. The correction factors shown are valid for porcelain insulators only. When taking composite insulators into consideration, an additional reduction factor of 0.75 can be applied. The values for a DC system must be seen as a guideline only, that must be verified on a case-by-case basis for new HVDC projects. To handle switching and lightning overvoltages, the insulator sets have to be designed with respect to insulation coordination according to IEC 60071-1 and IEC 60071-2. These design aspects determine the gap between the earthed fi ttings and the live part. However, for HVDC application, switching impulse levels are of minor important because circuit-breaker operations from AC lines do not occur on DC back-to-back lines. Such lines are controlled via their valve control systems. In order to coordinate the insulation in a proper way, it is recommended to apply and use the same SIL and BIL as is used for the equivalent AC insulation (determined by the arcing distance). [SIEMENS Power Engineering Guide 2009](9) Selection and design of supports Together with the line voltage, the number of circuits (AC) or poles (DC) and type of conductors, the configuration of the circuits poles determines the design of overhead power lines. Additionally, lightning protection by earth wires, the terrain and the available space at the tower sites have to be considered. In densely populated areas like Central Europe, the width of right-of-way and the space for the tower sites are limited. In the case of extra-high-voltages, the conductor configuration affects the electrical characteristics, the electrical and magnetic field and the transmission capacity of the line. Very often there are contradicting requirements, such as a tower height as low as possible and a narrow right-of-way, which can only be met by compromises. The minimum clearance of the conductors depends on the voltage and the conductor sag. In ice-prone areas, conductors should not be arranged vertically, in order to avoid conductor clashing after ice shedding. For low-voltage and medium-voltage lines, horizontal conductor configurations prevail; these configurations feature line post insulators as well as suspension insulators. Poles made of wood, concrete or steel are preferred. Fig.6 shows some typical line configurations. Earth wires are omitted at this voltage level. For high-voltage and extra-high-voltage power lines, a large variety of configurations are available that depend on the number of circuits (AC) or poles (DC) and on local conditions. Due to the very limited right-of-way, more or less all high voltage AC lines in Central Europe comprise at least two circuits. Fig.7 shows a series of typical tower configurations. Arrangement e is called the Danube configuration and is often adopted. It represents a fair compromise with respect to width of right-of-way, tower height and line costs. For AC lines comprising more than two circuits, there are many possibilities for configuring the supports. In the case of circuits with differing voltages, those circuits with the lower voltage should be arranged in the lowermost position (fig7g). DC lines are mechanically designed according to the normal practice for typical AC lines. The differences from AC Line layout are the: Conductor configuration Electric field requirements Insulation design For DC lines, two basic outlines (monopole and bipole), with variations should be considered. Fig.7i-l show examples for HVDC line configurations that are valid for all voltage levels. The arrangements of insulators depend on the application of a support within the line. Suspension towers support the conductors in straight-line sections and at small angles. This tower type offers the lowest costs; special attention should therefore be paid to using this tower type as often as possible. Angle towers have to carry the conductor tensile forces at angle points of the line. The tension insulator sets permanently transfer high forces from the conductors to the supports. Finally, dead-end towers are used at the terminations of a transmission line. They carry the total conductor tensile forces on the line side (even under unbalanced load condition, e.g., when conductors of one tower side are broken) and a reduced tension into the substations (slack span). Fig.6 Configuration of Medium voltage supports Various loading conditions specified in the respective national and international standards have to be met when designing towers. The climatic conditions, the earthquake requirements and other local environmental factors are the next determining factors for the tower design. When designing the support, a number of conditions have to be considered. High wind and ice loads cause the maximum forces to act on suspension towers. In ice-prone areas, unbalanced conductor tensile forces can result in torsional loading. Additionally, special loading conditions are adopted for the purpose of failure containment, that is, to limit the extent of damage. Finally, provisions have to be made for construction and maintenance. Depending on voltage level and the acting forces of the overhead line, differing designs and materials are adopted. Poles made of wood, concrete or steel are very often used for low voltage and medium-voltage lines. Towers with lattice steel design, however, prevail at voltage levels of 110 kV and above (fig.7). Guyed lattice steel structures are used in some parts of the world for high-voltage AC and DC lines. Such design requires a relatively fl at topography and a secure environment where there is no threat from vandalism and theft. Guyed lattice steel structures offer a substantial amount of cost savings with respect to tower weight and foundation quantities. However, a wider right-of-way has to be considered. Foundations for the supports Usually, overhead power line supports are installed on concrete foundations. The foundations have to sustain the overall weight of the tower and should be designed in accordance with the local or international standard applicable for the particular projct. Fig. 7;(a-h) Tower configurations for AC high-voltage lines. (i-l) Tower configurations for DC high-voltage lines The selection of foundation types and the design is decided by the: Total weight resulting from tower Location and Soil conditions Accessibility to the line route Availability of machinery Constraints of the particular country and the site Concrete blocks or concrete piers are in use for poles that exert bending moments on the foundation. For towers with four legs, a foundation is provided for each individual leg. Pad and chimney and concrete block foundations require good bearing soil conditions without groundwater. Driven or augured piles and piers are adopted for low-bearing soil, for sites with bearing soil at a greater depth and for high groundwater level. In case of groundwater, the soil conditions must permit pile driving. Concrete slabs can be used for good bearing soil, when subsoil and groundwater level prohibit pad and chimney foundations as well as piles. Fig. 8; Foundations for four-legged towers Route selection and tower spotting Selection of route and planning represent increasingly difficult tasks, because the right-of-way for transmission lines is limited and many aspects and interests have to be considered. Route selection and approval depend on the statutory conditions and procedures prevailing in the country of the project. Route selection nowadays involves preliminary desktop studies with a variety of route alternatives, environmental impact studies, community communication hearings and acceptance approval from the local authorities. [SIEMENS Power Engineering Guide 2009](9) Literature Survey The books and journals referred are detailed in references. The methodology has been decided after studying different literatures. The societal loss calculation have been taken from the paper Power Chain Managementà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Audit Service Focus Professional Engineering Services/ www.powerchainmanagement.com. The effective of electrical systems is critical to the success of businesses and facilities. The electrical problems facing businesses today can often seem overwhelming, especially knowing that key elements of electrical systems are susceptible to failure. It can be costly and difficult to design a system that predicts failure and minimizes risks of dangerous hazards such as arc flash and from the graph which shows how does it cost in the time of losing the power supply. Fig -2 cost raven (2) To approximate cost of transmission losses. The loss calculations are based on an peak load current for a line.(7) EC (Energy Cost) = 3 x R x I 2 x 8760 x LF x AIC x LIF, and DC (Demand Cost) = 3 x R x I 2 x IDC x LIF Where EC = energy cost, $ / yr DC = demand cost, $ / yr R = conductor resistance (ohms/phase/mile) X line length (miles) I = peak load current on the line (amperes) 8760 = hours / year LF = loss factor (average loss / peak loss) AIC = average incremental energy cost for the year ($ / kWh) LIF = loss increase factor (1 + PU system losses reflecting increase) IDC = incremental demand cost ($ / kW-yr) Diffident maintenance strategies considered are : Run to failure condition based monitoring on line monitoring Hot line maintenance The cost relationship between materials based solely on purchase prices, the life cycle economics at all the factors and gives consideration to the time value of money based on a present value analysis. The approach of using present value, life cycle costs is often considered the fairest means of comparison because it considers and properly weighs all the material variables. This life cycle cost study gives consideration to the following:(6) Environmental conditions Material costs and availability Construction costs Projected service life Inspection costs / Inspection frequency Maintenance costs / Maintenance frequency For the purpose of present value calculations, a 4% inflation rate and a 10% discount rate are assumed. The equation used for computing the present value (PV) of a single expend

Marijuana Users :: Free Essays Online

Marijuana Users My preliminary report will explain as much as possible about the characteristics of marijuana users and how these characteristics differ from nonusers of marijuana. I'm sure you are asking yourself "Why do people use marijuana in the first place?" This is a difficult question to answer in one sentence, but my report will simplify that question by explaining as much as possible about what motivates marijuana users to start and continue using the drug. From my readings so far, there has been a continuing trend that marijuana users first turn on to the drug by tremendous pressure from their friends or peers. The peer group has a powerful influence on the nonuser because of the nonuser wanting to feel accepted by the "in" crowd. The trend of wanting to be "accepted" by a group of marijuana users is the major reason why marijuana use begins. Individuals usually find themselves in situations that promote marijuana use, such as parties, or within a group of acquaintances. The biggest age group that falls within these "acquaintances" seems to be from 18- 20 years old, but marijuana use falls sharply after the age of 22. Young people within the 18- 20 year old range seem to be looking for new and different experiences. The idea of being high also appeals to many young marijuana users- a temporary way to forget about the problems associated with youth. Marijuana users tend to constitute a majority of the white, middle class community, which may be a shock to some Americans. My reading found in most cases that being black or oriental decreased the likelihood that a student would use marijuana. It seems that the sociocultural circumstances of the individual has a lot to do with marijuana use, not the race of the individual. A great proportion of college students use marijuana, 25% of students or higher according to some findings. This may not be too much of a surprise to us. What I was surprised to find in my readings is that chronic marijuana users are, as a class and individually, high academic achievers. Furthermore, they are achievement- oriented and even some chronic marijuana users even intended to go on to graduate school at a higher rate than nonusers in a particular study I read about. There were no differences from what I read, between marijuana users and nonusers, in the number of probations, suspensions, disciplinary actions, or expulsions from school.

Essay --

Marketing Orientation focuses on identifying and meeting the hidden needs of the consumer (Unknown, 2013). The textbook states that there are five marketing orientations; social marketing, production, strategic marketing, customer and sales (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, p. 595). Avon addresses the customer, production, strategic marketing and social marketing by granting each country the independence of selecting products based on the demand of the consumer as well as to develop those products. Distribution of the products is also considered as it pertains to each individual country. For example, door to door sales are not allowed in China so Avon launched beauty boutiques, beauty country and independent stores throughout the country to accommodate the law of the land. Avon’s sales has increased dramatically as the company expands its’ footprint globally. There are a few reasons why Avon is so dependent on its foreign operations in comparison to the home operations. For one, Avon recognizes that competition at home in the beauty industry has increased immensely. The business has done so well and grown so much that there is hardly any remaining untouched market space in the United States for the products. To expand would mean that the company would have to take sales from competitors. A feat in my opinion the company cannot easily take on. A customer can purchase whatever brand of beauty product of their choice from any store that sells that product so unless that customer is not in a position to do this they may be less likely to purchase from Avon. Additionally with security concerns being the way they are in today’s society no one takes pleasure from anyone knocking on their door trying to persuade them to buy a p... ... Additionally the nearness of the customer and supplier are of absolute importance to ensure costs are kept to a minimum. The current dynamic and competitive environment of businesses today is not without challenge. Avon is faced with having to compete with quick market changes and must enhance their ability to innovate as well as remain attentive to the various trade rules and differences in each country. The cost to examine and expand a product line in the global market could be very high. Having to increase quality throughout the entire product line may be tough. Delivering the right products at the right cost, at the right moment and in the right quality are key factors to Avon global success. Avon must maintain an effective supply chain management system in order to save the company money as well as help to provide great value of products to the customers.

Essay --

The United States of America has been considered the greatest country in the world. The US have pristine living conditions, some of the most prestigious schools, and the world’s largest military. â€Å"In 2012 the US spent 39% of the total amount of money spent on defense by every other country on there own defense† (Anup). Yet just 40 years ago, the US lost a war that they should have won. Why did we lose? How did an army of less than 1,000,000 beat the world’s largest superpower? One of the biggest reasons the US lost the war was the lack of support from back home. When President Eisenhower started sending troops and supplies to French soldiers, most Americans agreed with him. They believed Communism should be stopped at all costs. Most also believed that the war would end within the next five years. Over the next decade, Americans watched in horror as their beloved sons were killed at the hands of the enemy. Some started protesting the war publicly. America was drastically changing during the Vietnam war. It was partly because of television. For the first time in history, Americans were able to see what it was like to be on a battlefield. This drastically changed most Americans opinion on wars. Many began questioning whether or not this war was actually necessary. Was it really worth the lives of countless young men? Halfway around the globe, the fighting morale amongst the soldiers was drastically dropping. Many were drafted into the war and did not know how or want to fire a weapon. Some were even against the war prior to their drafting. This did not make for a good group of soldiers. This did, however, make some very hateful and angry veterans. While there were many who did believe in fighting communism at any cost, others wan... .... While some of the men strongly believed in their cause, others saw the war as unnecessary. They believed that the US had no business in Vietnam, and did not understand why they were there. That coupled with the draft left a large group of very unmotivated soldiers (Free Lance Star, Smith, Turner). Vietnam was the first war that congress allowed media to cover a war freely. It was the first war where we fought in a hot, steamy jungle, filled with intricate tunnel systems and dangerous guerilla fighters. It was also the first war that involved an army that wasn’t entirely in agreement with their cause. This was the first war where the public, as a majority, was against the war. Because of all these factors, one of the greatest countries in the history of the world was able to lose a war against a small communist band of rebels in Vietnam (Media, FLS, Smith, Turner).

How to Reduce Air Pollution Essay

Air pollution is an issue of concern to the world. Pollution in our environment will undoubtedly affect our quality of life and it can also cause various health problems and other negative effects. As a result, we want to find way out. Three simple solutions to reduce air pollution such as reducing the using of vehicles, cutting down the using of machineries and planting trees. The first necessary way to solve this problem is to cutting down the using of machineries. We should try to use more human labor rather than machines in production or farming activities. For instance, people in our country can use handy craft products and do their farm by the human being like doing farm in a traditional way without using any kind of tractors. Furthermore, for the products which are made by machines, such as paper, bottles, cans, or plastic bags, we should re-use and recycle them as possible as we can instead of producing more products. The machines will rest from production and also rest from dispose CO2 to the air. The second way to solve this problem is to reduce the using of vehicles. People should change from travel by their own car or motorbike to travel by public transportation such as taxies, buses, or trains. When we can cut down the amount of cars or motorbikes on the street, the amount of CO2 also decrease and we can save our air. Moreover, you will save money while you do your segment to reduce air pollution. According to Science Applications International Corporation (2007), â€Å"Public transportation use reduces travel by private vehicles.† (p.2). The third way we have to do is planting trees. Trees convert carbon dioxide into oxygen, cleaning up air pollution every day, so we have to reduce cutting down of it. According to McPherson (2003), â€Å"Leaves of trees absorb or intercept air pollutants, including small particulate matter and the components of smog.† (p.1). In addition, the trees help cool neighborhoods to create less need for air conditioning. In conclusion, we must work together to reduce pollution so that the future generations can live in a healthy, unpolluted environment.

Poetry Analysis of the poem “I, Too” by Langston Hughes Essay

The poem I, Too, written by Langston Hughes, uses excellent language, vivid imagery and strong sounds to express the poet’s feelings towards racism. I, Too is an anti-discrimination poem, which shows the injustice of racism. The poem is very effective because of its genuine emotions. The poem is situated in America and describes a black man’s personal experience with racial discrimination. He is treated as if he is an embarrassment to the white people, and made to feel inferior to them. The poet is trying to show how America â€Å"covers up† her racial discrimination â€Å"problems.† He also wants to convey the importance of racial equality. He wants the reader to understand that this is not just a personal experience, but a voice of his people. The tone changes throughout the poem. In the first line, the tone is patriotic. The line, â€Å"I, too, sing America,† indicates the national anthem, and symbolizes unity throughout the nation. In the next stanza, the tone is of anger and strength. The man is enraged at how he is treated, but he knows he is strong enough to fight back. This is shown in the line, â€Å"But I laugh,/ and eat well,/ And grow strong.† The following stanza’s tone is of warning and caution. The man warns the people, that he will become powerful, and that no one will dare to harm him in the future. Then in the next stanza, the tone changes once again. The man is much calmer and speaks proudly that one day â€Å"they’ll see how beautiful I am/ And be ashamed.† In the last line, the tone is once again patriotic. The poem’s structure is irregular. The poem begins and ends with single lines. In between there are 3 stanzas, all of which have different number of lines-6, 7 and 3. The purpose for the irregular structure is to create an effect of unequalness, symbolizing the discrimination he is receiving. The poem’s use of simple language helps to clearly define what the poet wants to express. The saying that â€Å"strong people don’t waste words,† is shown here, as the poem is short and to the point. It could also reflect the uneducated class, or the clarity and simplicity of their just complaint. The  poem is also made more effective by using words with deeper meanings. For example, the word, â€Å"brother,† means family and symbolizes equality and acceptance. Another example, â€Å"sit at the table,† has its literal meaning, and also a second meaning, indicating politics and being involved in making decisions. The fact that the poem is short and simple but can express so much meaning shows how the diction of this poem adds to its effectiveness. Likewise, the use of imagery in this poem adds to the poem’s effectiveness. The poet uses a lot of domestic images. The reader can picture the large house of a wealthy family, the kitchen- the servant’s quarters- and the dining room. The poem also contains a few metaphors and symbols. Metaphors and symbols are used because they say what we want to say, more vividly and forcefully. In the line, â€Å"I am the darker brother,† the person is comparing himself to a family member. It is clear that he is not part of his employer’s family, but here the word â€Å"brother† symbolizes equality and acceptance into a society. An example of symbolism used in this poem is seen in the line, â€Å"They send me to eat in the kitchen when company comes.† It has two meanings. The literal meaning means the employers send him away when guests arrive. The other meaning means America trying to conceal her racial â€Å"problems† to show the world a different image of the country. Another example is â€Å"I’ll sit at the table.† The literal meaning just means to sit at a table, but it also symbolizes being in charge and making decisions. These comparisons and symbols illustrate the point so well that they increase the effectiveness of the poem. The poem is of irregular rhythm as it is more effective this way. A steady rhythm would make the poem sound as if life was going along smoothly- not the effect the poet wanted. Instead, its irregular rhythm gives the poem a solemn feeling. This rhythm mirrors the uneasy and unsteady social relationship between blacks and whites in America. The poem contains a few examples of alliteration and repetition. The line â€Å"When company comes,† is an example of alliteration and repetition. The consonant â€Å"c† is repeated twice in the line, emphasizing the words, especially â€Å"company.† The alliteration and repetition of the line also  stresses the theme of the poem- that America is trying to conceal her racial â€Å"problems† and show the world a different picture. The poem â€Å"I, Too,† is a poem about discrimination. Through the unjust actions done to the man, the reader is shown how unequal privilege and decision making power is in American society. However, also through the man’s strength and bravery, the reader can see hope in the world- hope that one day, all people will be equal. The poet’s use of great imagery and sound helped to make this poem an effective anti-discrimination poem.

Juvenile Crime Paper Essay

In the juvenile justice system believes in giving a juvenile a second chance, and protects their privacy. They also want to make sure they receive treatment and support services rather than just punishment. The juvenile system focuses more on their needs, and those goals are met with treatment and rehabilitation so they won’t become repeat offenders. After a juvenile completes their program their records can be sealed or destroyed once they reach 18. The juvenile system status in question is to determine delinquency, whether an act of was violated or not. The system also wants to make sure the best interest of the child is taken into consideration, regardless if they are guilty or innocent. For the most part when a child is in custody and pending the hearing, they may be released into the custody of a parent or guardian. Juveniles have closed hearings instead of a trial. The right to a jury does not exist. A juvenile is not arrested; they are taken into custody from an order b y the judge or complaint. Usually juveniles are only incarcerated with other youth offenders and in juvenile facilities. In the adult court system the status question for adults is to determine guilt or innocence. The goal for adult proceedings is to determine offender’s guilt or innocence. Pending a trial, an adult can be released through bail, or on their own recognizance. Adult trials are open to the public, and they also have a right to a jury trial. The trial could last months, and the trial determines guilty or innocence. Adults are housed with other adult offenders in jail or prison facilities. Adults also have rights to appeal their sentence. Delinquency is the broadest usage, juvenile actions or conduct in violation of criminal law, juvenile status offenses, and other juvenile misbehavior. When my son was a juvenile and got into trouble his crimes made us appear in front of a judge who decided he was a delinquent, and he would remain in their custody until he completed  some of the programs that were assigned to him. At the time I did not understand much about the juvenile court system. That is why this class and course is so important to me. If only I knew then what I know now about the justice system it would have changed the way I handled certain situations that had to do with my son. Status offense is an act or conduct that is declared by statue to be an offense, but only when committed by or engaged in by a juvenile, ad that can be adjudicated only by a juvenile court. Oklahoma County Juvenile Justice Center in Oklahoma County has developed a Community Outreach Prevention Program to assist the community and schools on the topics of Bullies and Weapons. The program want to bring awareness to the community and schools about the effects of Bullies and Weapons. The staff consists of employees from the Juvenile Bureau who work with youth in the Detention Center and in Probation Services. The presentations are age, and audience appropriate. The Mission of the Juvenile Bureau is â€Å"To Work with the community to Prevent and Control Juvenile Delinquency.† The Juvenile Court Era was a time when children’s needs were recognized, and it led to legislation requiring juveniles to have separate hearings than adults. Later it was also thought juveniles should not have contact with adult offenders. Soon this became the model for juvenile court status throughout other states. A juvenile court was created and they applied the word delinquent instead of using criminal to juvenile offenders. The judges were expected to serve as advocates for juveniles while guiding their development. In 1938, the federal government passed the Juvenile Court Act, which embodied many of the features of the Illinois statue. By 1945, every state had enacted special legislation focusing on the handling of juveniles, and the juvenile court movement became well established. There were five philosophical principles that were summarized. (Schmalleger, 2011). 1. The state is the parent of the children. 2. The children are worth saving without harsh treatment. 3. Children should be nurtured 4. Their goal plan should be individualized just for them. 5. Noncriminal procedure are necessary to give primary consideration to the needs of the child. There are several categories of Children in the Juvenile Justice System. Theses categories are still used today in most  jurisdictions to describe the variety of children subject to juvenile court jurisdiction. 1. Delinquent children are those who have broken the criminal law. 2. Undisciplined children would be when the child is out of control. 3. Dependent children usually have no one to care for them like a parent. 4. Neglected children are those who do not receive proper care from their parents. 5. Abused children are those that suffer abuse from the very person that is suppose to be taking care of them. 6. Status offender embraces children who violate laws written only for them. I want to talk about the Homicide rate among juveniles. According to the FBI’s Supplementary Homicide Report: 1980-2010, and it provides access to more than twenty years of national and state data on h omicide victims and known homicide offenders. Until I completed some research on juvenile crime I had not realized how much crimes were committed by our youth. This has been going on for a very long time, and I don’t think people realize the impact of crime on youth today. These statistics were really heart breaking. I am really glad I chose to get a degree in this field, because in some way I would love to make a difference. With statistics like this It makes me wonder why we have so many juvenile offenders that continue to commit crimes after they have reached adulthood. I do not believe that juveniles should be housed with adult offenders. I believe our youth still have a chance at life, and they should not be blinded by a corrupt repeat offender adult. I think if given the chance adults would try to take advantage of a child to the point of rape, bribery, joining gangs, committing more crimes, and become career criminals. I would say our children are our future, and not giving up on them is the key to success. When a juvenile gets into trouble some people are so quick to just write them off. Having juveniles incarcerated with adults is like throwing them to the wolves whatever could happen usually does happen. Adults that have been incarcerated for some time prey on new young fish. They are looking for someone to keep them satisfied by any means necessary. In order for our youth to become productive individuals in society we have to provide the education and the tools that are needed. When a juvenile commit a crime we should first look at why the crime was committed, was it due to neglect, abuse, or something like that. Then when we figure out what the problem is rehabilitation can be created to reform the juvenile offender, and provide the necessary skills to help them in the future. When juveniles are given a sentence, and they have to be incarcerated for an extended period of time they lose contact with family members and friends. Some parents try to be there for their children however they leave them in there to do for themselves. Some parents feel that will teach the juvenile a lesson about getting into trouble. References Oklahoma county Juvenile Justice Center. (2004). C.O.P Program. Retrieved from http://www.oklahomacounty.org Puzzanchera, C. C., & Kang, W. G. (2012). Easy Access to the FBI’s Supplementary Homicide Reports: 1980-2010. Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezashr Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (11th ed.). Unknown: Prentice Hall. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. (2009). Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp

Children Need to Play, Not Compete

Everyone wants to win. But should that be a child’s top priority? Children’s sports should be more focused on cooperation and pure fun. The physical and psychological negatives are not worth the feeling of winning a game or making a team. Competitive sports have too many negatives that outweigh the positives and should be either removed or restructured. After children are fully prepared and mentally and psychologically developed, by age twelve or so, children can move on to playing to win. â€Å"Children Need to Play, Not Compete† by Jessica Statsky is an explanation as to why children sports need to be less competitive.The stress of winning seems to be getting worse and worse as time goes on. Children are losing the love for sports because the fun is slowly but surely being taken away. Statsky states that, â€Å"even when children are not injured, fear of being hurt detracts from their enjoyment of the sport. † There are also psychological issues, which s houldn’t be a problem children have to deal with. Sports should be somewhat of an outlet, an escape for children to enjoy themselves apart from their everyday life, not an added stress.As Statsky ads, â€Å"Winning and losing may be an inevitable part of adult life, but they should not be a part of childhood. † Childhood is a time for making memories, participating in things that make children happy, and enjoying their time. Instead of stressing about winning, practicing, losing, making the team, and getting hurt, children should purely be having fun playing the sports that they love. Jessica Statsky presents a very reasonable and logical argument. It is hard to disagree with her viewpoint after reading the article.All of her examples were relevant and accurate. Statsky ties together her opinion along with facts and statistics. She makes several references to various books and authors and even sources such as the Los Angeles Times. Jessica Statsky has information from a New York Little League official, which shows that from California to New York, this is an issue that is being dealt with all over the country. Statsky also has information from a professor of kinesiology, Dr. Glyn C. Roberts, at the institute of Child Behavior and Development at the University of Illinois.Her arguments are very persuasive and well worded. Over all, Statsky has put together a very well-constructed article. â€Å"Children Need to Play, Not Compete† appeals to readers emotions. Children are a part of just about everyone’s lives. Everyone was a child once, and either has or knows someone who has children. No one wants to think about a child being hurt physically or emotionally. Although parents often get involved in the desire to win, it is more important that children have positive experiences and wait until they are mature enough to have winning become a priority.Statsky refers to Martin Rablovsky, a former sports editor for the New York Times who said after the coaches whistle blows, â€Å"The spirit of play suddenly disappears, and sport become job like. † Parents don’t want to see their children lose interest in a sport they love because of all the pressure. It is a fairly reasonable assumption to say that parents would rather their children have fun without the addition of winning, then to be stressed or harmed just to have that â€Å"win†.Parents could still praise their children for performing well and see how much better they will develop and be prepared for competition later in life. There are many points in â€Å"Children Need to Play, Not Compete† that are easily agreeable. It is true that between the ages of six and twelve, children shouldn’t be involved in competitive sports. Statsky states, â€Å"One readily understandable danger of overly competitive sports is that truly entice children into physical actions that are bad for growing bodies. Children do so much growing in this time period. They don’t need negative physical and psychological impacts from sports at such an important stage in life. Children should be taught cooperation, sportsmanship, and individual performance to prepare them for competition when they are developed enough to handle it. Everyone wants to be able to look back on childhood and have good memories. Sports programs should reconsider and reconstruct to cater to children’s needs and abilities. No one wants to see the love of sports slowly disappear over time.Children have their whole lives to compete. Childhood should be about pure innocent fun and making positive memories. Sports don’t need to completely change. It would help if the level of competition progressed as the children’s age and abilities progressed. That way they could be gradually becoming prepared for high school, college, or even professional sports in their future. If taking steps toward reconstructing children’s competitive sports is going to benefit children, then that is what needs to be done.

U.S. History 1945 to 1992 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. History 1945 to 1992 - Essay Example Divisions emerged in Poland and Germany, there was formation of COMECON and NATO, and America utilized economic and military intervention to defeat Communist forces in Turkey and Greece. America wanted the European and Asian countries to adopt capitalism while the Soviet Union wanted to expand Communism. The Cold War had begun by 1949, as America and the Soviet Union confronted each other economically and politically without engaging in war. The Marshal Plan saw the United States affirm its economic dominance by providing financial aid to countries in Europe that decided to adopt capitalism. It would also mean that the United States would trade with these countries. In the 1950s, the United States was sending monetary aid to China and Korea to help fight communism. Back at home, American politics were totally against communism and the government’s political wing created a loyalty program that ensured that the Americans drove out all communists even in Hollywood. The American citizens were against communism and it was considered a great evil for one to be a communist. America recovered from the great depression, many jobs were created, and prosperity was experienced in the American society because people had the money to spend. This demonstrated that America’s capitalism doctrine was superior to communism. During the John F Kennedy era, the government put a lot of emphasis on foreign policy, as it planned t o quell communist expansion around the world. However, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the struggle for African American to gain equal rights with the White people, characterized the Kennedy era. It was unfortunate that America believed in free people and it was trying to free other countries while the country was plagued by racial inequality. The Cold War was significant in the fight against racial segregation and bringing change for the black people and other minority groups. After President

U03d1 Health Care Perceptions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U03d1 Health Care Perceptions - Essay Example Second are long term debts, where the maturity of the debt is longer than one year. Both these debts are equally risky as well as have the advantages and disadvantages (Zelman, McCue, & Glick, 2009). Considering the long term debts, it is essential to note that there are two primary models that are present, one where the debt is a term loan and second where the debt is a public offering mostly in the form of bonds. The health care industry has a mixture of debts which can be used to meet the needs of an optimal investment; it is essential to note that a more diversified portfolio proves to be very beneficial for the industry and can in a number of ways increase the anticipation of an investment. It is also important to note that the investments are not always accurate and the growth is not easily measurable. In the case of banks, it is possible to determine the financial situation using the debt to equity ratio, however considering the health care industry this can be a little risky and the outcome and overall organization can be difficult to manage. There is a high level of risk that is involved in the risk of borrowing and debt when compared to the risk of equity. Also as explained by Moore (2009), there is a high level of interest rates that need to be considered and these have to a great extent impacted a number of people across the world, leaving them defaulting on the loans. Considering the health care industry and the consumers, it is definite that the hospital finances are not found. Also considering the hospitals, it is important to note that the debt related issues is a very unconventional problem. The chances for the health care industry to be faced with high levels of debt ratio (Abel, et.al., 2009). There are a number of different opinions and ideas that the customers have about the financial condition of the health care industry and the consumers in most cases will not get a true peek into the financial condition of the organizations.

The Role of Image in the Formation of Foreign Policy Essay

The Role of Image in the Formation of Foreign Policy - Essay Example For instance, a country that is shrewd in policy making that result in numerous conflicts with other nations will be regarded as hostile and thus the kind of image that it portrays to the world will be negative. It means that any country that will want to engage with this particular nation will have to do due diligence in their policy formulation to incorporate the hostility aspect that is often associated with this country (Smith, Hadfield and Dunne, 2012). In most cases, most nations that are conservative in nature will avoid any form of engagement with this government simply because of the negative image that it has previously portrayed. For instance, a country like the United Kingdom is very conservative and rational in its dealings this enhances its overall image to the world as many other nations will take it as a model nation in their operations. Therefore, whenever they are formulating their policies, they will most likely incorporate the best engagement terms with this country just from the image that it portrays from its mode of governance (Stephenson, 2009). Perception is yet another defining factor of how a nation will structure its foreign policy; take an example in the event of a disaster like a terrorist attack or a tsunami that has swept across a city killing thousands of people. Several nations will stand in solidarity with the affected through sending messages of condolences or offering aid to the victims. These acts o f philanthropy in such situation carry a high perception of how an individual nation feels for the other. The knowledge that a country gets from such actions significantly influences the terms of engagement between the countries, especially when crafting a foreign policy regarding that nation (Stephenson, 2009). Numerous factors are taken into account by countries whenever they are coming up with their foreign policy.

Academic writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Academic writing - Essay Example Its crystal that shock to the head from sports like boxing, rugby, American football and ice hockey have caused long term brain injuries to the associated players. The latest game coming into the light about brain injuries sustained from head collisions is soccer. According to the Legendary Pele, Ball heading resulting from play is supposed to be done using the forehead with clenched fists. It can also be done using the tensed neck muscle and failure to that resulted in misdirected play and a greater impact on the brain. This is because a header caused one’s mind to shake in the skull. When it came to children they either failed to follow the necessary steps while heading or are not strong enough. Considering that they are still growing, their neck muscles even though tensed are not adequately strong to protect their skulls from absorption of the elevated G-force. Since their heads are big and wobble in proportion to the whole body than adults, the brain is likely to shake ins ide the skull on impact. In comparison to a 6-year-old non-developmentally ready to pass the ball, 12-year-old should not be allowed to head. Studies have also established that children take longer to heal mental children as compared to adults. They are also more susceptible to injuries because their skull is not well developed to sustain external forces (Cantu and Hayman, 2014). Since children aren’t able to decide and prepare how appropriately to head the ball, they are more susceptible to head injuries. Such injuries may be attributed to the inadequacy in strength to head, awareness in the best heading way or not well-coordinated to head. Furthermore, the neck muscles are not well developed to hold the head steadily and deal with the impact from heading. While watching a children’s game, it won’t take long notice that heading is useless. It’s always a result of guesswork and done randomly with closed eyes and the ball non-directional. The ball in most cases makes contact